Extracurricular laboratory: Discover of 1453-58-3

Sometimes chemists are able to propose two or more mechanisms that are consistent with the available data. If a proposed mechanism predicts the wrong experimental rate law, however, the mechanism must be incorrect.Welcome to check out more blogs about 1453-58-3, in my other articles. Name: 3-Methylpyrazole.

Chemistry is an experimental science, Name: 3-Methylpyrazole, and the best way to enjoy it and learn about it is performing experiments.Introducing a new discovery about 1453-58-3, Name is 3-Methylpyrazole, molecular formula is C4H6N2, belongs to pyrazoles-derivatives compound. In a document, author is Wayment, Darcey. G..

Soil dissipation of sugarcane billet seed treatment fungicides and insecticide using QuEChERS and HPLC

Chemical treatment of sugarcane seed with fungicides and insecticides prior to planting increases yields of cane and sugar for the perennial, annually harvested crop. However, the fate of the applied chemicals is unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to measure the aerobic dissipation of selected billet seed treatment chemicals in a mineral sugarcane soil from Louisiana. Soil samples from the surface 15 cm were treated with either thiamethoxam, azoxystrobin, fluxapyroxad, propiconazole, or pyraclostrobin and monitored over 100 days under laboratory conditions. Insecticide and fungicide levels were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Dissipation data were fitted to four kinetic models: simple first-order (SFO), first order multi-compartment (FOMC), double-first order in parallel (DFOP), and hockey-stick (HS). The dissipation half-life (DT50) of thiamethoxam, azoxystrobin, fluxapyroxad, propiconazole, or pyraclostrobin were 275, 100, 144, 74, and 39 d, respectively. Overall, the DT50 for the pesticides in the study indicated medium to long persistence in soil under the conditions of the experiment. This is the first report for several of these pesticides related to the aerobic dissipation in soils used to grow sugarcane.

Sometimes chemists are able to propose two or more mechanisms that are consistent with the available data. If a proposed mechanism predicts the wrong experimental rate law, however, the mechanism must be incorrect.Welcome to check out more blogs about 1453-58-3, in my other articles. Name: 3-Methylpyrazole.

Reference:
Pyrazole – Wikipedia,
,Pyrazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

The important role of 1453-58-3

Synthetic Route of 1453-58-3, One of the oldest and most widely used commercial enzyme inhibitors is aspirin, which selectively inhibits one of the enzymes involved in the synthesis of molecules that trigger inflammation. you can also check out more blogs about 1453-58-3.

Synthetic Route of 1453-58-3, Enzymes are biological catalysts that produce large increases in reaction rates and tend to be specific for certain reactants and products. 1453-58-3, Name is 3-Methylpyrazole, SMILES is CC1=NNC=C1, belongs to pyrazoles-derivatives compound. In a article, author is Nikpassand, Mohammad, introduce new discover of the category.

NiFe2O4@(SiO2Pr)-Pr-n@glucose Catalyzed Synthesis of Novel 5-pyrazolin-1,2,4-triazazolidine-3-ones (thiones)

Introduction: NiFe2O4eSiO2nPr@glucose catalyzed synthesis of novel 5-pyrazolin-1,2,4-triazazolidine-3-ones (thiones). Materials and Methods: Amino glucose-functionalized silica-coated NiFe2O4 nanoparticles (NiFe2O4@SiO2 Pr-n@glucose amine or NiFe2O4@SiP@GA) were synthesized and characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscope (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Results and Discussion: NiFe2O4@SiP@GA supply an eco-friendly procedure for the synthesis of some novel 5-pyrazolin-1,2,4-triazazolidine-3-ones or thiones through one-pot reaction of thiosemicarbazide (hydrazinecar-bothioamide) and synthetized pyrazole carbaldehydes. These compounds were obtained in high yields in short reaction times. The catalyst could be easily recovered and reused for six cycles with almost consistent activity. The structures of the synthesized 5-pyrazolin-1,2,4-triazazolidine-3-ones or thiones were confirmed by H-1 NMR, C-13 NMR and FTIR spectral data and elemental analyses. Conclusion: In conclusion, we have investigated NiFe2O4@SiO2nPr@amino glucose as a new, eco-friendly, inexpensive, mild and reusable catalyst for the synthesis of 5-pyrazolin-1,2,4-triazazolidine-3-ones or thiones. High yield, a simple work-up procedure, adherence to the basics of green chemistry, environmental friendly and based on natural ingredients, ease of separation and recyclability of the magnetic catalyst and waste reduction are some advantages of this method.

Synthetic Route of 1453-58-3, One of the oldest and most widely used commercial enzyme inhibitors is aspirin, which selectively inhibits one of the enzymes involved in the synthesis of molecules that trigger inflammation. you can also check out more blogs about 1453-58-3.

Reference:
Pyrazole – Wikipedia,
,Pyrazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Interesting scientific research on 3-Methylpyrazole

Reference of 1453-58-3, Consequently, the presence of a catalyst will permit a system to reach equilibrium more quickly, but it has no effect on the position of the equilibrium as reflected in the value of its equilibrium constant.I hope my blog about 1453-58-3 is helpful to your research.

Reference of 1453-58-3, Catalysts allow a reaction to proceed via a pathway that has a lower activation energy than the uncatalyzed reaction. 1453-58-3, Name is 3-Methylpyrazole, SMILES is CC1=NNC=C1, belongs to pyrazoles-derivatives compound. In a article, author is Saberi, Farveh, introduce new discover of the category.

Insight into 6-aminopenicillanic acid structure and study of the quantum mechanical calculations of the acid-base site on gamma-Fe2O3@SiO2 core-shell nanocomposites and as efficient catalysts in multicomponent reactions

Grafting 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA) onto superparamagnetic gamma-Fe2O3@SiO2 nanocomposites led to the production of 6-APA/gamma-Fe2O3@SiO2 as a novel heterogeneous nanocatalyst. Protonation and deprotonation of 6-APA/gamma-Fe2O3@SiO2 nanocomposites were investigated using quantum mechanical calculations. The behaviour of bifunctionality on this catalyst was examined and the results showed that it acts as an acid-base bifunctional system, and the reaction proceeds very well under mild and ambient conditions. The deprotonation of the COOH group is easier than the NH and NH2 groups with respect to the energy data and the results of the molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) analyses. In the presence of the nanocomposite, the protonation of the NH2 group is more favourable than the NH group. It was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), vibrating sample magnetometery (VSM), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). This reaction is not only kinetically stable but is also a spontaneous reaction and thermodynamically favored. The superparamagnetic nanocomposite was used in the preparation of 1,4-dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives under a one-pot multicomponent reaction. The nanocomposite was recyclable for at least 10 cycles without any loss in the activity.

Reference of 1453-58-3, Consequently, the presence of a catalyst will permit a system to reach equilibrium more quickly, but it has no effect on the position of the equilibrium as reflected in the value of its equilibrium constant.I hope my blog about 1453-58-3 is helpful to your research.

Reference:
Pyrazole – Wikipedia,
,Pyrazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Top Picks: new discover of 3-Methylpyrazole

Electric Literature of 1453-58-3, Each elementary reaction can be described in terms of its molecularity, the number of molecules that collide in that step. The slowest step in a reaction mechanism is the rate-determining step.you can also check out more blogs about 1453-58-3.

Electric Literature of 1453-58-3, Redox catalysis has been broadly utilized in electrochemical synthesis due to its kinetic advantages over direct electrolysis. The appropriate choice of redox mediator can avoid electrode passivation and overpotential. 1453-58-3, Name is 3-Methylpyrazole, SMILES is CC1=NNC=C1, belongs to pyrazoles-derivatives compound. In a article, author is Masaret, Ghada S., introduce new discover of the category.

A New Approach for the Synthesis and Biological Activities of Novel Thiazolyl-Pyrazole Derivatives

According to the encouraging biological activity and low cytotoxicity profile of thiazolyl-pyrazole hybrid, many researchers are making efforts in this research area. 2-(2-(5-Acetyl-4-methylthiazol-2-yl)hydrazono)acenaphthylen-1(2H)-one (3) was synthesized by the reaction of acenaphthenequinone-thiosemicarbazone (1) with 3-chloroacetylacetone (2) and utilized as a precursor for the production of various thiazolyl-pyrazole compounds. The reaction of 3 with DMF-DMA followed by treating the produced enaminone 4 with hydrazines furnished the corresponding thiazolyl-pyrazoles 5 a-c. In addition, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of enaminone 4 with alpha-ketohydrazonyl chlorides 6 through a regioselective manner gave thiazolyl-pyrazoles 7 a-c. The reaction of 3 with arylhydrazines yielded the corresponding hydrazones 8 a-c, which were subjected to Vilsmeier formylation reaction and furnished the thiazolyl-pyrazoles 9 a-c. Meanwhile, the synthesized thiazolyl-pyrazoles were screened to discover their antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and antitumor activities. The antibacterial screening revealed that derivatives 7 a-c, 8 a-c, and 9 a-c demonstrated minimal inhibition concentrations toward B. subtilis and S. typhimurium. While derivatives 7 c and 9 c showed respectable antifungal effectiveness against C. albicans. Further, antioxidant effectiveness of the synthesized derivatives 7 a-c and 9 a-c revealed antioxidant activity superior to derivative 8 a-c and 5 a-c compared to ascorbic acid. Likewise, thiazolyl-pyrazole derivatives 5 a-c displayed higher cytotoxic efficacy than their corresponding derivatives 9 a-c, 8 a-c and 7 a-c, respectively.

Electric Literature of 1453-58-3, Each elementary reaction can be described in terms of its molecularity, the number of molecules that collide in that step. The slowest step in a reaction mechanism is the rate-determining step.you can also check out more blogs about 1453-58-3.

Reference:
Pyrazole – Wikipedia,
,Pyrazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

The Absolute Best Science Experiment for 35344-95-7

Do you like my blog? If you like, you can also browse other articles about this kind. Thanks for taking the time to read the blog about 35344-95-7, HPLC of Formula: C4H4N2O.

Chemo-enzymatic cascade processes are invaluable due to their ability to rapidly construct high-value products from available feedstock chemicals in a one-pot relay manner. In an article, author is Akolkar, Hemantkumar N., once mentioned the application of 35344-95-7, Name is 1H-Pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde, molecular formula is C4H4N2O, molecular weight is 96.09, MDL number is MFCD02179514, category is pyrazoles-derivatives. Now introduce a scientific discovery about this category, HPLC of Formula: C4H4N2O.

Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Furan & Thiophene Containing Pyrazolyl Pyrazolines as Antimalarial Agents

In search for novel compounds targeting Malaria, based on thein silicomolecular docking binding affinity data, the novel furans containing pyrazolyl chalcones (3a-d) and pyrazoline derivatives (4a-d) were synthesized. The formation of the synthesized compound were confirmed by spectral analysis like IR,H-1 NMR,C-13 NMR and mass spectrometry. Compounds with thiophene and pyrazoline ring4b(0.47 mu M),4c(0.47 mu M) and4d(0.21 mu M) exhibited excellent anti-malarial activity againstPlasmodium falciparumcompared with standard antimalarial drug Quinine (0.83 mu M). To check the selectivity furthermore, compounds were tested for antimicrobial activity and none of the synthesized compound exhibited significant potency compared with the standard antibacterial drug Chloramphenicol and antifungal drug Nystatin respectively. So, it can be resolved that the produced compounds show selectively toward antimalarial activity and have the potential to be explored further.

Do you like my blog? If you like, you can also browse other articles about this kind. Thanks for taking the time to read the blog about 35344-95-7, HPLC of Formula: C4H4N2O.

Reference:
Pyrazole – Wikipedia,
,Pyrazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

More research is needed about 67-51-6

We¡¯ll also look at important developments in the pharmaceutical industry because understanding organic chemistry is important in understanding health, medicine, 67-51-6. The above is the message from the blog manager. COA of Formula: C5H8N2.

Chemistry is traditionally divided into organic and inorganic chemistry. The former is the study of compounds containing at least one carbon-hydrogen bonds. 67-51-6, Name is 3,5-Dimethyl-1H-pyrazole, molecular formula is C5H8N2, belongs to pyrazoles-derivatives compound, is a common compound. In a patnet, author is Malinowska, Katarzyna, once mentioned the new application about 67-51-6, COA of Formula: C5H8N2.

Evaluation of oxidant-antioxidant balance and DNA damage in blood of patients with cancer of the head and neck under the influence of copper(II) complex: Preliminary studies

Introduction: The primary aim of this research was to evaluate the oxidative stress markers and the level of oxidative DNA damage in the pathogenesis of head and neck cancer. Materials/Methods: Sixty-two subjects matched for age and gender, including 31 patients with head and neck cancer and 31 control patients without cancer symptoms, were enrolled in our study. In our work, the activity of antioxidant enzymes: catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX), as well as a total antioxidant status (TAS), were estimated. Additionally, an alkaline comet assay was used to measure the level of DNA damage in the group of patients with head and neck cancer and the group of healthy control patients. These tests were performed on a blood sample with and without prior incubation of dinitratebis (1-phenyl-5-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-methyl-N1pyrazol-kappa N2)cooper(II). Results: Significant increases of SOD, GPX CAT, TAS (P <0.001) were seen in blood from patients with head and neck cancer and prior incubation of cooper (II) component compared to blood from healthy controls without prior incubation of analyzed chemical. Moreover, we did not observe any relationship between the level of DNA damage and the studied component dinitratebis (1-phenyl-5-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-methyl-N1pyrazol-kappa N2)cooper(II) in the group of patients with head and neck cancer or in healthy controls. Discussion: Free radicals such as reactive oxygen species, which induce oxidative stress, may contribute to head and neck carcinogenesis. Therefore, we suggest that modulation of pro-oxidant /antioxidant status might be a relevant target for both prevention and therapy. We¡¯ll also look at important developments in the pharmaceutical industry because understanding organic chemistry is important in understanding health, medicine, 67-51-6. The above is the message from the blog manager. COA of Formula: C5H8N2.

Reference:
Pyrazole – Wikipedia,
,Pyrazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

More research is needed about 1453-58-3

Balanced chemical reaction does not necessarily reveal either the individual elementary reactions by which a reaction occurs or its rate law. In my other articles, you can also check out more blogs about 1453-58-3. Category: pyrazoles-derivatives.

Enzymes are biological catalysts that produce large increases in reaction rates and tend to be specific for certain reactants and products. 1453-58-3, Name is 3-Methylpyrazole, molecular formula is C4H6N2, belongs to pyrazoles-derivatives compound. In a document, author is Zheng, You-Guang, introduce the new discover, Category: pyrazoles-derivatives.

Design, synthesis, biological activity evaluation of 3-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole derivatives as potent JAK 2/3 and aurora A/B kinases multi-targeted inhibitors

In this study, a series of 3-(4-phenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their biological activities. Upon performing kinase assays, most of the compounds exhibited potent inhibition against JAK2/3 and Aurora A/B with the IC50 values ranging from 0.008 to 2.52 mu M. Among these derivatives, compound 10e expressed the most moderate inhibiting activities against all the four kinases with the IC50 values of 0.166 mu M (JAK2), 0.057 mM (JAK3), 0.939 mM (Aurora A), and 0.583 mu M (Aurora B), respectively. Moreover, most of the derived compounds exhibited potent cytotoxicity against human chronic myeloid leukemia cells K562 and human colon cancer cells HCT116, while compound 10e expressed antiproliferative activities against K562 (IC50 =6.726 mu M). According to western blot analysis, compound 10e down-regulated the phosphorylation of STAT3, STAT5, Aurora A, and Aurora B in a dose-dependent manner in K562 and HCT116 cells. Cell cycle analysis revealed that compound 10e inhibited the proliferation of cells by inducing cell cycle arrest in the G2 phase. The molecular modeling suggested that compound 10e could maintain a binding mode similar to the binding mode of AT9832, a common JAK 2/3 and Aurora A/B kinases multi-target kinase inhibitor. Therefore, compound 10e might be a potential agent for cancer therapy deserving further research. (C) 2020 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Balanced chemical reaction does not necessarily reveal either the individual elementary reactions by which a reaction occurs or its rate law. In my other articles, you can also check out more blogs about 1453-58-3. Category: pyrazoles-derivatives.

Reference:
Pyrazole – Wikipedia,
,Pyrazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Simple exploration of 1453-58-3

Interested yet? Read on for other articles about 1453-58-3, you can contact me at any time and look forward to more communication. Computed Properties of C4H6N2.

The reaction rate of a catalyzed reaction is faster than the reaction rate of the uncatalyzed reaction at the same temperature. 1453-58-3, Name is 3-Methylpyrazole, SMILES is CC1=NNC=C1, in an article , author is Sofan, Mamdouh A., once mentioned of 1453-58-3, Computed Properties of C4H6N2.

One-Step Dyeing and Antimicrobial Finishing of PET Fabric with Novel 4-Arylazopyrazolone Disperse Dyes

Azopyrazole disperse dyes 8-12 could be synthesized either by condensing ethyl 3-hydroxy-2-aryldiazenyl butenoates 3-7 with S-methyl hydrazine carbodithioate 1 or by coupling the parent pyrazole 2 with diazotized aniline, p-substituted anilines and/or 4-aminoantipyrine. These dyes were applied to polyester fabrics using a high-temperature dyeing method at 120 degrees C and displayed yellow to orange hues. Raman spectra of the dyed samples undoubtedly excluded ring dyeing and were found to agree with the proposed structures. The synthesized disperse dyes were found to possess very good dyeing properties, as indicated by color strength measurements, and all of them except dye 12 had a color strength (K/S) value ranging from 19-23. The dyed fabrics exhibited excellent fastness to washing and dry and wet rubbing as well as light fastness, which varied from moderate to very good. The antimicrobial activities of the synthesized pyrazoles 2 and 8-12 as well as the dyed fabric samples against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were measured, and the results showed very good activity.

Interested yet? Read on for other articles about 1453-58-3, you can contact me at any time and look forward to more communication. Computed Properties of C4H6N2.

Reference:
Pyrazole – Wikipedia,
,Pyrazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Never Underestimate The Influence Of 1H-Pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde

Interested yet? Read on for other articles about 35344-95-7, you can contact me at any time and look forward to more communication. Recommanded Product: 35344-95-7.

The reaction rate of a catalyzed reaction is faster than the reaction rate of the uncatalyzed reaction at the same temperature. 35344-95-7, Name is 1H-Pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde, SMILES is O=CC1=CNN=C1, in an article , author is Abu-Hashem, Ameen Ali, once mentioned of 35344-95-7, Recommanded Product: 35344-95-7.

Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of new 1,2,4-triazole, 1,3,4-oxadiazole, 1,3,4-thiadiazole, thiopyrane, thiazolidinone, and azepine derivatives

4-oxo-4-phenylbutanehydrazide3was reacted with aryl or alkyl isothiocyanates to give the correspondingN-substituted-2-(4-oxo-4-phenylbutanoyl) hydrazine-1-carbothioamide4a-c. Cyclization of thiosemicarbazides4a-cwith sodium hydroxide led to the formation of 3-(4-sub-5-thioxo-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-propanone5a-c. Desulfurization of thiosemicarbazides4a-cby mercuric oxide afforded 3-(5-(sub-amino)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-propanone6a-c. The reaction of4a-cwith phosphorus oxychloride gave 3-(5-(sub-amino)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-propanone7a-c. Treatment of4a-cwith ethyl-bromoacetate or alpha-bromopropionic acid gaveN ‘-(3-sub-thiazolidin-2-ylidene)-butanehydrazide8a-cand (N ‘-(3-sub-oxothiazolidin-2-ylidene)-butanehydrazide9a-c. Chlorination of oxothiazolidine-hydrazide9a-cby phosphorus oxychloride affordedN-(3-sub-4-oxothiazolidine)-butane-hydrazonoyl-chloride10a-c. The reaction of10a-cwith mercaptoacetyl-chloride yielded 2-((4-benzoyl-thiopyrane) hydrazono)-3-sub-thiazolidinone11a-c. Also, reacted of10a-cwith hydrazine hydrate affordedN ”-(3-sub-oxothiazolidine)-butane-hydrazon-hydrazide12a-c. The 3-sub-2-((pyridazine) hydrazono) thiazolidinone13a-cwas obtained by cyclization of12a-cvia refluxing in DMF. The reaction and cyclized of9a-cwith chloroacetyl-chloride in ethanolic KOH afforded 1-((3-sub-4-oxothiazolidine) amino)-azepine-dione14a-c. The chemical structures of the new compounds have been confirmed by diverse spectroscopy analyses such as IR, NMR, MS, and elemental analysis. The synthesized compounds were tested for their antimicrobial activity and these compounds were considered (Pyridazin-hydrazono-thiazolidinone13a-c, oxothiazolidin-azepinedione14a-c,N-thiazolidin-hydrazon-hydrazide12a-c, and thiopyran-hydrazono-thiazolidinone11a-c) the most effective as antimicrobial activity.

Interested yet? Read on for other articles about 35344-95-7, you can contact me at any time and look forward to more communication. Recommanded Product: 35344-95-7.

Reference:
Pyrazole – Wikipedia,
,Pyrazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Some scientific research about C4H4N2O

The proportionality constant is the rate constant for the particular unimolecular reaction. the reaction rate is directly proportional to the concentration of the reactant. I hope my blog about 35344-95-7 is helpful to your research. SDS of cas: 35344-95-7.

Catalysts are substances that increase the reaction rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process. 35344-95-7, Name is 1H-Pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde, SMILES is O=CC1=CNN=C1, belongs to pyrazoles-derivatives compound. In a document, author is Xu, Feng, introduce the new discover, SDS of cas: 35344-95-7.

Selective hydrogenation of nitroaromatics toN-arylhydroxylamines in a micropacked bed reactor with passivated catalyst

In this contribution, a protocol was established for the selective catalytic hydrogenation of nitroarenes to the correspondingN-arylhydroxylamines. The reduction of 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-((2-nitrobenzyl)oxy)-1H-pyrazole, an intermediate in the synthesis of the antifungal reagent pyraclostrobin that includes carbon-chlorine bonds, benzyl groups, carbon-carbon double bonds and other structures that are easily reduced, was chosen as the model reaction for catalyst evaluation and condition optimization. Extensive passivant evaluation showed that RANEY (R)-nickel treated with ammonia/DMSO (1 : 10, v/v) afforded the optimal result, especially with a particle size of 400-500 mesh. To combine the modified catalyst with continuous-flow reaction technology, the reaction was conducted at room temperature, rendering the desired product with a conversion rate of 99.4% and a selectivity of 99.8%. The regeneration of catalytic activity was also studied, and an in-column strategy was developed by pumping the passivate liquid overnight. Finally, the generality of the method was explored, and 7 substrates were developed, most of which showed a good conversion rate and selectivity, indicating that the method has a certain degree of generality.

The proportionality constant is the rate constant for the particular unimolecular reaction. the reaction rate is directly proportional to the concentration of the reactant. I hope my blog about 35344-95-7 is helpful to your research. SDS of cas: 35344-95-7.

Reference:
Pyrazole – Wikipedia,
,Pyrazoles – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics